盡(jin)管(guan)工(gong)(gong)程師已經(jing)開(kai)發了(le)許多土(tu)工(gong)(gong)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)應(ying)用(yong)，但(dan)仍(reng)有(you)(you)一些主要(yao)功能(neng)：分(fen)離(li)，加固，過(guo)濾，排(pai)水和保護(hu)。主要(yao)的土(tu)工(gong)(gong)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)分(fen)類(lei)是織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)，非(fei)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)和針織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。通常，機(ji)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)表現出(chu)高(gao)拉(la)伸強度，高(gao)模量(liang)和低伸長(chang)率。針刺非(fei)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)由于(yu)其(qi)高(gao)孔隙(xi)率而具(ju)有(you)(you)高(gao)滲(shen)透性(xing)，并且(qie)由于(yu)其(qi)高(gao)伸長(chang)特性(xing)而具(ju)有(you)(you)順(shun)(shun)應(ying)性(xing)。與針刺非(fei)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)相(xiang)比，熱紡，粘合的非(fei)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)通常具(ju)有(you)(you)高(gao)模量(liang)，并且(qie)具(ju)有(you)(you)高(gao)順(shun)(shun)應(ying)性(xing)。根據制造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝，針織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)布可(ke)提供高(gao)拉(la)伸強度和彈(dan)性(xing)。
土工織物有多種結構和聚合物組合物可供選擇，以滿足廣泛的應用需求。重要的是，所有長絲土工布都由堅固，耐用，化學惰性的聚合物材料組成，這些材料能抵抗場地特定的地面條件，天氣和老化的影響。
材料性(xing)(xing)能是(shi)聚(ju)合物結構耐(nai)久性(xing)(xing)的(de)結果。根據應用，土工(gong)織物可能具有其(qi)他生存性(xing)(xing)要求，例如抗蠕變性(xing)(xing)和耐(nai)溫性(xing)(xing)和/或紫(zi)外線暴露。
土(tu)工(gong)(gong)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)材料是指通過(guo)土(tu)壤，巖(yan)石(shi)或其他巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)材料的接觸應(ying)用(yong)于土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的各種(zhong)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)或天然(ran)聚(ju)合(he)物材料。隨著材料工(gong)(gong)業的發展和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)的不(bu)斷創新。土(tu)工(gong)(gong)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)材料的概(gai)念(nian)也在不(bu)斷改進。例如(ru)，一(yi)些三維織(zhi)物，土(tu)工(gong)(gong)泡沫，新型增強材料等，并且基本上不(bu)再使用(yong)天然(ran)聚(ju)合(he)物來生產土(tu)工(gong)(gong)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)產品。
與傳統(tong)的(de)(de)木材(cai)(cai)，鋼(gang)材(cai)(cai)和水泥相比(bi)，土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)成(cheng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)是(shi)相對較新的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)產品類型(xing)。隨(sui)著聚合(he)(he)物和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應用(yong)的(de)(de)發(fa)明和發(fa)展，它們(men)逐(zhu)漸發(fa)展起來。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實踐中，有(you)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)各(ge)(ge)樣的(de)(de)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)成(cheng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)（如(ru)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)織(zhi)物，土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)膜(mo)），不同類型(xing)的(de)(de)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)復(fu)合(he)(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)和各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)特殊(shu)用(yong)途(tu)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)類型(xing)（如(ru)用(yong)于(yu)加固的(de)(de)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)格柵和超輕(qing)質土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)織(zhi)物泡沫）。經過幾(ji)十年的(de)(de)發(fa)展，土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)成(cheng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)已陸續應用(yong)于(yu)土(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)個領域。他(ta)們(men)取得了很好的(de)(de)經濟和社(she)會效益，形成(cheng)了比(bi)較完(wan)整的(de)(de)技術體系。
目前，土(tu)工合成(cheng)材料已廣泛(fan)應(ying)用于國家經(jing)濟(ji)建(jian)設(she)領域，如水利，水運，公路(lu)，鐵路(lu)，建(jian)筑(zhu)，環境，采礦和(he)農業。它(ta)們設(she)置在土(tu)壤中，與其他(ta)巖土(tu)材料和(he)結(jie)構相(xiang)結(jie)合。分離，過(guo)濾(lv)，排水，防(fang)滲，加(jia)固，防(fang)護等功能和(he)功能，用于解(jie)決巖土(tu)工程(cheng)中涉(she)及的一系列實際工程(cheng)問題，如穩(wen)定(ding)性，變(bian)形(xing)，防(fang)滲，排水等。
